@article {34,
	title = {Large-Scale, High-Resolution Neurophysiological Maps Underlying fMRI of Macaque Temporal Lobe},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	pages = {15207 - 15219},
	abstract = {<p>Maps obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are thought to reflect the underlying spatial layout of neural activity. However, previous studies have not been able to directly compare fMRI maps to high-resolution neurophysiological maps, particularly in higher level visual areas. Here, we used a novel stereo microfocal x-ray system to localize thousands of neural recordings across monkey inferior temporal cortex (IT), construct large-scale maps of neuronal object selectivity at subvoxel resolution, and compare those neurophysiology maps with fMRI maps from the same subjects. While neurophysiology maps contained reliable structure at the sub-millimeter scale, fMRI maps of object selectivity contained information at larger scales (\&gt;2.5 mm) and were only partly correlated with raw neurophysiology maps collected in the same subjects. However, spatial smoothing of neurophysiology maps more than doubled that correlation, while a variety of alternative transforms led to no significant improvement. Furthermore, raw spiking signals, once spatially smoothed, were as predictive of fMRI maps as local field potential signals. Thus, fMRI of the inferior temporal lobe reflects a spatially low-passed version of neurophysiology signals. These findings strongly validate the widespread use of fMRI for detecting large (\&gt;2.5 mm) neuronal domains of object selectivity but show that a complete understanding of even the most pure domains (e.g., faces vs nonface objects) requires investigation at fine scales that can currently only be obtained with invasive neurophysiological methods.</p>
},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1248-13.2013},
	url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1248-13.2013},
	author = {Issa, E. B. and Papanastassiou, A. M. and DiCarlo, J. J.}
}
@article {38,
	title = {Precedence of the Eye Region in Neural Processing of Faces},
	journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2012},
	month = {09/2013},
	pages = {16666 - 16682},
	abstract = {<p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revealed multiple subregions in monkey inferior temporal cortex (IT) that are selective for images of faces over other objects. The earliest of these subregions, the posterior lateral face patch (PL), has not been studied previously at the neurophysiological level. Perhaps not surprisingly, we found that PL contains a high concentration of \&quot;face-selective\&quot; cells when tested with standard image sets comparable to those used previously to define the region at the level of fMRI. However, we here report that several different image sets and analytical approaches converge to show that nearly all face-selective PL cells are driven by the presence of a single eye in the context of a face outline. Most strikingly, images containing only an eye, even when incorrectly positioned in an outline, drove neurons nearly as well as full-face images, and face images lacking only this feature led to longer latency responses. Thus, bottom-up face processing is relatively local and linearly integrates features-consistent with parts-based models-grounding investigation of how the presence of a face is first inferred in the IT face processing hierarchy.</p>
},
	issn = {0270-6474},
	doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2391-12.2012},
	url = {http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/doi/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2391-12.2012},
	author = {Issa, E. B. and DiCarlo, J. J.}
}
