@article {15,
	title = {Neural dynamics at successive stages of the ventral visual stream are consistent with hierarchical error signals.},
	journal = {eLife},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2018},
	month = {11/2018},
	abstract = {<p>Ventral visual stream neural responses are dynamic, even for static image presentations. However, dynamical neural models of visual cortex are lacking as most progress has been made modeling static, time-averaged responses. Here, we studied population neural dynamics during face detection across three cortical processing stages. Remarkably,~30 milliseconds after the initially evoked response, we found that neurons in intermediate level areas decreased their responses to typical configurations of their preferred face parts relative to their response for atypical configurations even while neurons in higher areas achieved and maintained a preference for typical configurations. These hierarchical neural dynamics were inconsistent with standard feedforward circuits. Rather, recurrent models computing prediction errors between stages captured the observed temporal signatures. This model of neural dynamics, which simply augments the standard feedforward model of online vision, suggests that neural responses to static images may encode top-down prediction errors in addition to bottom-up feature estimates.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Brain Mapping, Face, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Visual, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception},
	issn = {2050-084X},
	doi = {10.7554/eLife.42870},
	url = {https://elifesciences.org/articles/42870https://cdn.elifesciences.org/articles/42870/elife-42870-v2.pdf},
	author = {Issa, Elias B and Cadieu, Charles F and DiCarlo, James J}
}
@article {105,
	title = {Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually unaltered by free viewing},
	journal = {Nature Neuroscience},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2000},
	month = {01/2000},
	pages = {814 - 821},
	abstract = {<p>How are objects represented in the brain during natural behavior? Visual object recognition in primates is thought to depend on the inferotemporal cortex {(IT).} In most neurophysiological studies of {IT,} monkeys hold their direction of gaze fixed while isolated visual stimuli are presented (controlled viewing). However, during natural behavior, primates visually explore cluttered environments by changing gaze direction several times each second (free viewing). We examined the effect of free viewing on {IT} neuronal responses in monkeys engaged in a form-recognition task. By making small, real-time stimulus adjustments, we produced nearly identically retinal stimulation during controlled and free viewing. Nearly 90\% of neuronal responses were unaffected by free viewing, and average stimulus selectivity was unchanged. Thus, neuronal representations that likely underlie form recognition are virtually unaltered by free viewing.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Conditioning, Fixation, Form Perception, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neurons, Ocular, Pattern Recognition, Photic Stimulation, Psychology, Saccades, Temporal Lobe, Visual, Visual Cortex},
	issn = {1097-6256},
	doi = {10.1038/77722},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nn0800_814},
	author = {DiCarlo, James J. and Maunsell, John H. R.}
}
